Phase i and phase ii reactions of drug authorstream. Heres a day in phase 1, complete with your breakfast, snacks, lunch, and dinner. Youre exercising and eating right, following the prescribed plan in each phase. The enzymecatalyzed reactions of phase i metabolism bind oxygen, hydrogen, water, or amino acids to the lipophilic drug molecule to expose or introduce a hydroxyl oh, amino nh 2, sulfhydryl sh, or carboxyl cooh polar functional group, and thus, result in a modest increase in the parent drugs water solubility. Here are some mouthwatering options for you to choose from. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Then, glucose is picked up in the bloodstream by insulin and stored as glycogen in the liver. Types of phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism associated enzymes and cofactors learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through. Introduction to phase i and ii metabolisms phase i.
Metabolism of drugs of abuse journal of health science. You care enough about your body to make this lifechanging journey with me, and whatever phase youre in, im sure youre seeing changes in your body, inside and out. Phase i metabolism definition of phase i metabolism by. Williams, in his classic book, detoxication mecha nisms, suggests that the metabolism of many xeno biotics occurs in two steps 1. Electron transport systhem oxidation, monooxygenase. There are three possible results of phase 1 metabolism. Bacterial flora present in the intestine and colon appear. The primary site of drug metabolism is the liver, the organ that plays a major role in metabolism, digestion, detoxification, and elimination of substances from the body. Comparative metabolism as a key driver of wildlife species. When did my first read through of diane kresss metabolism miracle, i found it hard to keep all the details on the dos and donts of step 1 straight. In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized. Reduction nadphcytochrome p450 reductase cytochrome p450 reductase also known as nadph. P450 oxidoreductase, p450 reductase, por, cpr, cypor, is a membranebound enzyme required for electron transfer to cytochrome p450 in the microsome of the.
The metabolic fate of amphetamine ap and methamphetamine mp in man have been described in detail by caldwell, williams and their col leagues. The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. Energy transformations increase entropy degree of disorganization of a. Enzymes in the liver are responsible for chemically changing drug components into substances known as metabolites. Human cytochromes p450 associated with the phase 1 metabolism. However, currently the hepatic differentiation of these cells relies on exposure to dimethylsulfoxide dmso, which, as a side effect, has a cytotoxic effect and represses an allround hepatic functionality. Most of these uses have been stopped by the us epa since 1984. Fast metabolism diet phase 1, 2 and 3 ultimate guide for. The ascent is the motley fools new personal finance brand devoted to helping you live a richer life. At p c y t o s o l e e c t r o n t r a n s p o r t chain. The products of these chemical reactions are called metabolites.
Pharmacologically active metabolites of currently marketed drugs. Cells lining the gastrointestinal tract contain many transport proteins including the atpdependent pglycoprotein that pumps a diverse set of molecules back into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, thereby limiting their. I grabbed a notepad and started taking notes, which developed into the cheat sheets im sharing with you all today. The terms in the table below are a collection of items from the lectures that you should be able to define and relate in a sentence or two to drug metabolism as set out in the notes. This book is concerned with the biosynthesis, biological activity, and ecological significance of secondary metabolites natural products. Oct 23, 20 reduction, oxidation, hydrolysis, conjugation, glucuronidation, acetylation, sulfaction, mnemonics. Learn 1 phase 2 metabolism with free interactive flashcards. Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life.
See more ideas about fast metabolism diet, fast metabolism and food recipes. In other words, the metabolites are pharmacologically inactive. Metabolism describes the chemical reactions that change drugs into compounds which are easier to. Nacetylation of aromatic amine is recognized as a major detoxification pathway in arylamine metabolism in experimental animals and humans hein et al. Phase i reactions can generate more reactive metabolites than the. The presence of any of these functional groups except which of the following will allow a drug to enter phase ii biotransformation without first passing through phase i. In vitro systems are widely used for the investigation of xenobiotic metabolism in mammals 1, birds 47 and fish 38,40. Metabolism is an essential pharmacokinetic process, which renders lipid soluble and nonpolar compounds to water soluble and polar compounds so that.
Metabolism and bioactivation of toxicants in the lung. The reactions are catalysed by enzymes and happen mostly in the liver, though some changes take place in the gut wall. Drug metabolism in the gut wall and liver is mediated by three separate, though related, enzyme systems table 60. Metabolism of drugs by the kidney kidney international. One of the most common modifications is hydroxylation catalysed by the cytochrome. Intestinal mucosa, kidney, lungs, skin and adrenals intestinal mucosa intestinal wall is rich in esterases and lipases enzymes. Energy can be transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
The human liver cell line heparg has been recognized as a promising source for in vitro testing of metabolism and toxicity of compounds. The duration and intensity of drug action depend not only on the dose of the drug but also on the rates at which drugs are transformed to products that can be excreted readily by the kidney. These include alcaloids such as morphine, steroids like cholesterol, and antibiotics like the penicillins. Located in endoplasmatic reticulum liver and other cells. Phase i reactions include oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis that are catalyzed by several enzymes including cytochrome p450. In this phase, we focus on targeting the adrenals and soothing psychological stress. L1 showed higher gr activity after 1 day exposure, although after 4 days of exposure the gr decreased in the oysters exposed to 1 and 100. Two general categories of drug metabolism occur in the liver. Another major use was as an additive in leaded gasoline. During fast metabolism diet phase 1 you can enjoy a number of delicious smoothies. Phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolism and bile acid production. Metabolism cellular metabolic respiration pathways. Metabolism describes the chemical reactions that change drugs into compounds which are easier to eliminate. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments.
Liver hepatic metabolism continues to be the most important route of metabolism for foreign ingested chemicals xenobiotics and drugs. See more ideas about fast metabolism recipes, fast metabolism and food recipes. Jan 09, 2015 when did my first read through of diane kresss metabolism miracle, i found it hard to keep all the details on the dos and donts of step 1 straight. Phase ii reactions include glucuronidation, sulfation, acetylation, methylation. They will fill you up and at the same time give you energy and a good dose of vitamins for the day.
The processing of a specific substance within a living cell or organism. Its lengthy and if you have metabolism b symptoms, it may be worth trying. Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. Phase i and phase ii reactions of drug authorstream presentation. In the second stage, cells degrade these molecules to a few simple units, such as acetyl coa, that are pervasive in metabolism. Phase ii metabolism conjugation of drugs and other xenobiotics with a range of different molecules including glucuronic acid, sulfate, amino acids, acetyl groups, methyl groups and glutathione properties of the enzyme families catalyzing these conjugation reactions. Top fast metabolism diet phase 1 recipes and other great tasting recipes with a healthy slant from sparkrecipes. Phase i reactions convert the parent drug into more polar metabolites through introduction or exposing oh, sh, or nh2 functional groups. The term metabolism is commonly used probably because products of drug transformation are called metabolites. Examples of structural changes of parent drugs to pharmacologically active metabolites. Although phase i drug metabolism occurs in most tissues, the primary and first pass site of metabolism occurs during hepatic circulation.
More generally, xenobiotic metabolism from the greek xenos stranger and biotic related to living beings is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organisms normal biochemistry, such as any drug. Phase i biotransformation reactions introduce or expose functional groups on the drug with the goal of increasing the polarity of the compound. Drug metabolism is an immense area of study where drugs undergo a range of enzymemediated chemical reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydration, conjugation, and migration. Phase i reactions involve hydrolysis, reduction and oxidation, exposing or introducing a functional group oh, nh 2, sh or cooh to increase reactivity and slightly increase hydrophilicity. Phase 1 metabolism involves chemical reactions such as oxidation most common, reduction and hydrolysis. Homework 1 drug metabolism 20 university of washington. Metabolism or biotransformation the conversion from one chemical form of a substance to another. Metabolism by cytochrome p450 enzyme systhem cyp450. Metabolism definition of metabolism by medical dictionary.
As far as xenobiotic metabolism is concerned, three general reactions of acetylation have been documented, namely n fig. Choose from 500 different sets of 1 phase 2 metabolism flashcards on quizlet. Youre doing all the right stuff and making positive choices. Common reactions during this phase are oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis.
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